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The dissertation topics bring to the forefront research gaps that are both critical and timely about human rights law, gender-sensitive correctional governance, emerging reproductive technologies, historical marine ecology, and the early development of international biodiversity regulation. The issues pointed out by these themes are, for instance, the contradiction between legal norms and prison practices in Indonesia and the alignment with international standards, such as the Bangkok Rules, being the major difficulty; the issues of artificial womb technology spread through different continents and countries as well as the differences in methodologies that underlie historical marine ecology studies becoming the most difficult ones; and finally, the unnoticed scientific factors that were at play during the enactment of biodiversity law. All of these issues are faced in the areas of law, governance, environmental history, and the coexistence of human beings, science, and law in the future.
The worldwide concern about sustainable and cheap housing has been driven by the increasing urbanisation, climate change, and the gap between the rich and poor that is ever-widening. On the other hand, the existing studies are still very much separate from one another, each concentrating on separate aspects like materials used in green constructions, improving the efficiency of energy, or different financial models without connecting these to a comprehensive, multidimensional framework. Gorjian (2025) points out that the majority of the research overlooks the interaction among the environmental performance, long-term affordability, governance frameworks, and social well-being, particularly in developing countries where informal housing is common. The absence of an integrated, equity-centred framework restricts the formulation of policies that can, at the same time, solve the problem of affordability, meet the climate targets, and be inclusive of the whole society.
Currently, there is no single analytical model that combines the environmental, social, economic, and governance dimensions of sustainable housing, especially one customised for Global South contexts. The existing research asks for a framework that will be able to integrate into one evaluative tool the aspects of affordability, equity, community outcomes, and climate constraints.
Gorjian, M. (2025). Affordable and Sustainable Housing: A Systematic Review of Global Evidence, Equity Gaps, and Policy Pathways. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202508.1198/v1/download
Although there is a larger acknowledgement that governance and financing structures have a great impact on housing sustainability, still, not much empirical research has been conducted concerning these aspects. Gorjian (2025) underlines the major methodological shortcomings, such as a lack of longitudinal studies, the informal housing sectors, which are under-researched, and no comparative governance analysis across different jurisdictions, that he points out as the main barriers to this line of research. The majority of the currently practised policies are based on short-term, technology-focused interventions that do not consider factors such as long-term affordability, social impacts, and institutional capacities. A comparative, multi-city study can show how, over time, the Global South of today will have governance systems, financing mechanisms, and policy pathways that will shape housing sustainability and equity.
Currently, a few studies have only covered governance and financing models longitudinally or across cities for comparison. A significant gap exists in comprehending the impact of these structures on long-term sustainability, affordability and policy effectiveness, mainly in the area of informal and low-income housing markets.
Gorjian, M. (2025). Affordable and Sustainable Housing: A Systematic Review of Global Evidence, Equity Gaps, and Policy Pathways. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202508.1198/v1/download
The research on residential satisfaction in low-cost urban housing has the two theoretical and geographical dimensions still quite limited. Alemu, Berhanu, and Sokkido’s (2025) paper, published in Urban, Planning and Transport Research, offers a very little yet important contribution to the subject matter by using the Actual–Aspiration Gap Theory in the context of low-cost housing in Addis Ababa. The study reveals the gap between the realities of life for the residents and their ideal housing conditions, but it restricts its focus to four neighbourhoods only and to one snapshot of the whole situation. Thus, the wider questions concerning the evolution of expectations and satisfaction throughout the housing cycle—and the differences of such patterns among various cultures or socio-economic contexts—remain without answers. A gradual increase in the scope of the research from a longitudinal and cross-cultural perspective will be necessary in order to produce more widely applicable evidence that can inform urban housing policies in low-income areas.
Currently, there is no longitudinal or cross-cultural empirical research applying the Actual–Aspiration Gap Theory to low-cost condominium housing, and different determinants of residential satisfaction indicate the need for further comprehensive and context-sensitive models.
Alemu, L. S., Berhanu, W., & Sokkido, D. L. (2025). Determinants of residential satisfaction: an actual-aspiration gap theory analysis in low-cost condominium housing, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Urban, Planning and Transport Research, 13(1), 2475960. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1565545/full
Global evidence concerning the issue of affordable and sustainable housing is very much fragmented, and there are big gaps concerning environmental, social, and financial dimensions. A systematic review by Gorjian (2025) titled Affordable and Sustainable Housing: A Systematic Review of Global Evidence, Equity Gaps, and Policy Pathways, reveals that the majority of the studies have a narrow focus limited to technical or environmental aspects. Therefore, the issues of equity, cultural relevance, and long-term affordability are usually ignored in the process. Moreover, research from the Global South, where informality is a common housing practice, is barely represented, thus making the existing models less universal. The review further observes the lack of governance studies, weak financial framework, and absence of longitudinal studies, pointing out the necessity for an interactive method that ties the three concepts of sustainability, affordability, and equity together within the different local contexts.
There is no current method that comprehensively links the various aspects of sustainability of the housing sector in terms of environment, society, equity, finance, and governance, especially in the case of the Global South, where informal housing is the major type and empirical data are scarce.
Alemu, L. S., Berhanu, W., & Sokkido, D. L. (2025). Determinants of residential satisfaction: an actual-aspiration gap theory analysis in low-cost condominium housing, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Urban, Planning and Transport Research, 13(1), 2475960. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/built-environment/articles/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1565545/full
Increased fears about housing shortages, high prices, and climate-related risks have made the use of evidence-based housing policy in the US more pressing. However, the authors of a study published in the Housing Policy Debate, Reid, Martín, Rausch, and Raymond (2025), point out that the research carried out in the housing supply area has not been integrated but rather fragmented among the fields of new construction, regulatory reform, building innovation, and ageing housing stock preservation. It is still unclear how land-use reforms are going to impact the market; there is a shortage of data on regulations and no research has been done on the intersection of home repair and climate resilience, while the environmental and affordability outcomes are still not well integrated. This fragmented evidence base limits the policymakers’ power to devise joint supply-push measures that also reduce emissions, save existing homes, and enhance long-term affordability. A thorough multi-dimensional analytical framework is thus necessary to lead the policy development through the various housing market contexts.
In the present-day literature, there is no one model that can empirically show the integration of land-use reform impacts, building code innovations, preservation needs, and climate resilience considerations as a whole. One of the main reasons for this is that the studies done on these topics are plagued with problems such as limited datasets, fragmentation of methodologies, and lack of proper evaluation tools which is a clear indication of the need for interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral analysis.
Reid, C., Martín, C., Rausch, C., & Raymond, S. E. L. (2025). What would it take to close the housing supply gap in the next five years, while addressing the nation’s affordability, climate sustainability, and resiliency goals? Housing Policy Debate, 35(3), 583–599. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10511482.2025.2479449
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