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The global virtual work research has been accelerated significantly by digitalisation and globalisation; still, its theoretical and empirical development has not been uniform across the different dimensions. In their integrative review presented in the Journal of International Business Studies, Froese, Blay, Gibson, Shaffer, and Benitez (2025) point out several major deficiencies in the research, namely, confined to Western, high-income locations, focusing on performance and coordination results, and not considering workers’ occupational experiences and well-being. Besides, the authors point out the lack of longitudinal and process-oriented research, the inconsideration of time and context in theories, and the absence of integrative models showing both the positive and the negative impacts of digital technologies. Moreover, neglected groups such as gig workers, those working on platforms, and individuals with insecure job contracts are still unrecognised. The gaps created by this situation are characterised by fragmented, efficiency-driven models that are incapable of accurately depicting the lives of global virtual workers; thus, it is evident that theory-driven, people-centred, and context-sensitive doctoral research in this field is a pure necessity.
Global virtual work has been evolving rapidly in a fast-paced working environment. It plays a crucial role in the organisation of multinational enterprises and digital platforms, but the occupational experiences of employees are not completely understood. Froese, Blay, Gibson, Shaffer, and Benitez (2025), in their integrative study in the Journal of International Business Studies, state that Most of the academic research on global virtual employment is done in the West, mainly in high-income countries, and the main points of the debate are performance and coordination. Therefore, the disadvantaged groups, like gig workers, global nomads, and employees in non-Western or insecure conditions, are not sufficiently researched regarding their work experience and well-being. Froese et al. (2025) point out that the same limitations exist in the availability of theoretical frameworks that are people-centric and context-aware, which in turn leads to a fragmented and culture-bounded understanding of global virtual work’s impact on occupational experience and well-being. Thus, the international applicability of the existing models is restricted, and at the same time, the need for cross-cultural research that pays attention to occupational experience in different contexts is highlighted.
None of the previous studies have proposed a comprehensive multilevel theoretical model that systematically describes the results of occupational well-being in the contexts of GVW on the individual, team, and organisational levels. The filling of this void will directly lead to the demand for integrated, theory-based research beyond the performance-centric models.
Froese, F. J., Blay, T., Gibson, C. B., Shaffer, M. A., & Benitez, J. (2025). Global virtual work: A review, integrative framework, and future research opportunities. Journal of International Business Studies, 56, 691–719. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-025-00775-1
Generally, global virtual teams are the primary area of interest in virtual work research, but the studies that have been done so far hardly explain how the experience in the job grows over time. Froese et al. (2025) in the Journal of International Business Studies, say that the literature consists mostly of cross-sectional studies capturing static variables instead of dynamic occupational processes. Consequently, the evolution of engagement, trust, stress, and well-being throughout the phases of global virtual teamwork is still not well understood. Moreover, the authors openly ask for more focus to be given to time as a critical but under-theorised aspect of global virtual work. Nowadays, through no longitudinal approach, the current models are unable to show how occupational experiences are formed through continual interaction, adaptation, and the accumulation of demands. Filling this gap is very important in providing a basis for the development of sustainable and process-oriented theories of occupational experience in the context of global virtual teams.
Up to now, there hasn’t been a thorough longitudinal process model that depicts how occupational experiences develop during global virtual teamwork. This PhD, in the literature, directly tackles the problem of time being under-theorised.
Froese, F. J., Blay, T., Gibson, C. B., Shaffer, M. A., & Benitez, J. (2025). Global virtual work: A review, integrative framework, and future research opportunities. Journal of International Business Studies, 56, 691–719. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-025-00775-1
The global virtual work phenomenon in its various forms, such as gig work, platform-based labour, and digital nomadism, is becoming more and more common but, at the same time, is still very much on the fringe of studies from the occupational health aspect. In the review article published in the Journal of International Business Studies, Froese et al. (2025) present evidence among global virtual workers of not only negatives such as stress, isolation, work-life imbalance, and health risks but also positives that include autonomy and flexibility. Nevertheless, these outcomes are seldom at all incorporated into coherent theoretical models of occupational experience. Moreover, the authors note that research tends to favour organisational efficiency over worker health, especially in precarious and non-standard work arrangements. Consequently, this imbalance restricts the knowledge of how in distributed global virtual work, occupational health risks and protective factors co-exist, thus calling for a new type of research that focuses on workers’ occupational experiences and health outcomes.
Even with the increasing evidence of health-related dangers, no research at the doctoral level has come up with a systematic theory of occupational health over the varied types of workers and contexts in distributed global virtual work arrangements.
Froese, F. J., Blay, T., Gibson, C. B., Shaffer, M. A., & Benitez, J. (2025). Global virtual work: A review, integrative framework, and future research opportunities. Journal of International Business Studies, 56, 691–719. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-025-00775-1
Global virtual work relies on digital technologies to a great extent, but the impact of these technologies on the workers’ occupational experience is still not well theorised. In their article in the Journal of International Business Studies, Froese et al. (2025) point out that the studies conducted on digital technologies in global virtual work have mostly examined communication efficiency, coordination, and performance outcomes. The little research that has been done in this area has concentrated on sustained use of the technology affecting meaning, agency, stress, and well-being in daily occupational experience. The authors also mention the absence of integrative frameworks that look at the positive and negative aspects of digital technologies. This narrow focus leads to a partial understanding of the interplay between the technology-mediated work environment and occupational experience, thus advocating for the theory-driven research that will centre around workers’ lived interactions with digital tools.
Froese, F. J., Blay, T., Gibson, C. B., Shaffer, M. A., & Benitez, J. (2025). Global virtual work: A review, integrative framework, and future research opportunities. Journal of International Business Studies, 56, 691–719. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-025-00775-1
Global virtual work is a reality that incorporates different cultural, institutional, and socioeconomic factors of the world, but these factors are still not fully theorised. In the article published in the Journal of International Business Studies, Froese et al. (2025) pointed out that most of the global virtual work-related studies have been conducted on Western samples and thus do not take into account the influence of national culture, labour systems, and the level of digital infrastructures on occupational experience. This leads to the creation of theories that provide a context-neutral view, which cannot fully represent the realities of workers in different parts of the world. The authors argue for more focus on context as one of the main aspects of global virtual work, saying that cultural and institutional contexts could either enhance or lessen the impact of stress, engagement, and wellness in the workplace. Closing this gap is a prerequisite for creating models of occupational experience that are not only globally applicable but also sensitive to different cultures.
The clearest and most explicit conduct of research has not yet been done when it comes to giving a comparative, context-dependent framework that identifies the distinguishing features of GVW-related occupational experience in different countries, as well as their respective institutional settings.
Froese, F. J., Blay, T., Gibson, C. B., Shaffer, M. A., & Benitez, J. (2025). Global virtual work: A review, integrative framework, and future research opportunities. Journal of International Business Studies, 56, 691–719. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-025-00775-1
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PhDAssistance. (n.d.). Global Virtual Work Dissertation Topics Retrieved January 23rd, from https://www.phdassistance.com/topic/global-virtual-work-dissertation-topics/
Jalolova, M., and Musawwir, M. “Global Virtual Work Dissertation Topics for PhD Scholars.” PhDAssistance, https://www.phdassistance.com/topic/global-virtual-work-dissertation-topics/ Accessed 23rd January 2026.
Jalolova, M., and Musawwir, M. “Global Virtual Work Dissertation Topics for PhD Scholars.” PhDAssistance, PhDAssistance, Web. 23rd January 2026.
Jalolova, M., and Musawwir, M., n.d. Global Virtual Work Dissertation Topics for PhD scholars. [online] Available at: https://www.phdassistance.com/topic/global-virtual-work-dissertation-topics/ [Accessed 23rd January 2026].
Jalolova M., Musawwir M. Global Virtual Work Dissertation Topics for PhD scholars [Internet]. PhDAssistance; [cited 2026 23rd January]. Available from: https://www.phdassistance.com/topic/global-virtual-work-dissertation-topics/
Jalolova, M., and Musawwir, M. (n.d.). Global Virtual Work Dissertation Topics for PhD scholars. Retrieved 23rd January 2026, from https://www.phdassistance.com/topic/global-virtual-work-dissertation-topics/
Jalolova, M., and Musawwir, M., Global Virtual Work Dissertation Topics (n.d.) https://www.phdassistance.com/topic/global-virtual-work-dissertation-topics/ accessed 23rd January 2026.
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