Forensic anthropology is the study of human skeletal remains, including from societies affected by conflict, disaster, and human rights abuses. It has a place in global consciousness, yet the MENA region is grappling with structural hindrances to expanding the field, such as little to no academic and institutional educational institutions, few recognised practitioners, and minimal government support (Mansour et al., 2025; Franklin, 2025). While forensic work is typically conducted by forensic pathologists throughout the region, there are possible issues with the quality of the work and/or ethics, largely based on the lack of specialty. Therefore, the imperative next step is to merge MENA forensic anthropology with the pedagogic structure of education, certification, and practice.
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Mansour, C., Márquez‑Grant, N., & Benito Sánchez, M. (2025). Current status of forensic anthropology in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 15(4).
Franklin, D. et al. (2025). A probable case of a non‑union condylar fracture in an individual from Hegra (Madâ’in Sâlih), AlUla, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 61.
There is no established, recognised pathway for forensic anthropology credentialing in the MENA region. Therefore, forensic anthropological evaluations can be challenged legally and differ legally under terms of practice because there, are not recognized credentialing standards from any official body. Organisations such as ABFA, FASE, and ALAF that use global certification also use multi-tier credentialing (competency and legal), as legal and credible (Pink et al., 2025; Langley et al., 2025).
Professional Recognisability: formalised certification allows for legitimacy regarding its legal, legislative contexts.
Quality Assurance: standardised credentialing will lead to better access validity/accuracy for case work.
Regional Cooperation: it may lead to a regional board for something equivalent to ALAF or FASE in MENA.
Pink, C. M., Cornelison, J. B., & Juarez, J. K. (2025). Standardizing Advanced Training in Forensic Anthropology: Defining a Clear Path to Achieve Forensic Specialization in Biological Anthropology. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 186(4), e70055.
Langley, N. R., Tersigni‐Tarrant, M. A., Passalacqua, N. V., Crowder, C. M., Garvin, H. M., McQuade, W. E., … & Pilloud, M. A. (2025). The Future of Forensic Anthropology Practice and Education: Competencies, Certification, and Licensure. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 186(3), e70034.
Forensic anthropology is underdeveloped in most MENA area universities, having no structured course related to forensic anthropology. For example, Liverpool John Moores University implements the study of forensic anthropology deep dive with modules including; Osteology, Trauma analysis and field recovery, as well as time in practical lab. Without any structured courses, it is impossible to create a competent cohort of trained professionals (LJMU, 2025; SIFS India, 2025).
Which MENA area universities, for the first time, may introduce forensic anthropology modules containing inter-related competencies?
To what extent, could blended and e‑learning (SIFS India for example) models, of learning be used to support forensic anthropology as subject domains in education among universities?
What partnerships (i.e. the UK model) and/or accreditation pathways may assist with ensuring there is developing higher education and professional recognition?
Curriculum: assist with developing learner readiness through structured arrangements.
Workforce development: develop emerging convergence pipelines of forensic anthropology professionals to workforce.
International Relationships: facilitate opportunities for collaborative partnerships and quality assurance.
LJMU (2025). BSc (Hons) Forensic Anthropology – exemplifies comprehensive academic programming
SIFS India (2025). FSP 505: Forensics Anthropology – online blended learning model for rapid skill acquisition
Forensic pathologists are taking on anthropological responsibilities for cases across the MENA region as there is a lack of certified FA practitioners. Professional society standards for FA practice, such as the standards set by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology (ABFA) in 2025, indicate that while both skeleton ID and trauma interpretation share some form of commonality, they are different skilled processes. When the boundaries of forensic pathology and the anthropology process become blurred, forensic pathologists can misdiagnose a case and rule out aspects of evidence that would otherwise be used, whilst also upholding ethical responsibilities (Boyd et al., 2025; Bartelink et al., 2025).
What type of osteological analysis are forensic pathologists applying to MENA cases?
What are the legal and ethical implications for non-specialized practitioners completing FA work?
How do we draw appropriate boundaries from the lens of interdisciplinary collaboration, to make anthropological aspects of practice, more distinct?
Boyd, D. C. (2025). Navigating Liminality in Evolving Forensic Anthropology Professionalism. American Journal of Biological Anthropology, 186(1), e25054.
Bartelink, E. J., Kendell, A. E., & Milligan, C. F. (2025). Role of Forensic Anthropology in the Search and Recovery of Fatal Wildland Fire Victims. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Forensic Science, 7(2), e70007.
In Gulf States, invasive practices for forensic testing are typically shaped by religious and cultural values which limit these practices from being conducted. Because forensic anthropology is less invasive, it is a better approach for forensic analysis (Smithsonian NMNH, 2025). Nonetheless, protocols that have been adapted to the region along with training in cultural competence remain limited (Vahinde et al., 2025; Sølvik et al., 2025).
Community Trust: Allowing forensic solutions to align to ethical beliefs as they would authentically be respected.
Policy Change: To develop legal standards that are respectful of religious beliefs but also recognize legally what is required by the scientific community and forensic community.
Respectful Practice: Establish FA practices that honour cultural protocols.
Vahinde, A., Niranjan, P. H., Priyank, G., Niji, C., Sahajpal, V., Rana, A. S., … & Singh, A. (2025). Genetic insights into forensic features and population structure of the Hajong tribe in the Indian regions of Eastern Himalaya. Molecular Genetics and Genomics, 300(1), 1-10.
Sølvik, R. M., & Roland, P. (2025). Teachers’ and principals’ diverse experiences expand the understanding of how to lead collective professional learning among teachers. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 28(3), 486-509.