How do I select a relevant research methodology for non-clinical research?
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How do I select a relevant research methodology for non-clinical research?
The selection of appropriate research methods for non-clinical medical studies demands thorough evaluation of research targets alongside data characteristics and both ethical & operational limitations. [1]PhD students who study medicine and healthcare need to develop clear research methods because this approach leads to both strong and influential scientific work. [2]
Medical research that does not involve treating patients constitutes the field of non-clinical studies. The field of non-clinical medical research includes pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics studies together with epidemiology, public health, healthcare management, medical writing and biomedical informatics. The research methods used in non-clinical studies focus on biological processes, disease mechanisms, and system-level healthcare interventions that occur outside of patient care settings. [3]
Major Types of Research Methodologies
Non-clinical research uses three main methodological approaches to conduct studies.
- Quantitative Methods: The research design of quantitative methods works best for studies that need numerical data analysis, hypothesis testing, and statistical inference. The research methods that utilize numerical data analysis include surveys, database studies, and experimental laboratory investigations. The research design enables researchers to measure subjects objectively while validating their findings through statistical methods. [4]
- Qualitative Methods: Research studies that aim to understand complex processes and behaviors and subjective experiences require qualitative methods.[5]The research methods for qualitative studies include interviews, focus groups, textual analysis and ethnographic studies. The research methods serve as fundamental instruments that help researchers conduct exploratory studies and achieve a deep comprehension of their research subjects. [6]
- Mixed Methods:The mixed methods approach, which combines quantitative and qualitative research methods, generates complete findings through numerical data analysis, verbal theory development and contextual comprehension.[7] Healthcare researchers implement mixed methods approaches to study complex research questions because these methods provide complete results.[8]
Steps to Select the Appropriate Methodology
The selection of methodology requires researchers to perform these fundamental procedures:
- Define Your Research Question Clearly: The research question development process determines which methodological approach researchers should use for their study. Research questions about prevalence, correlations and efficiency require quantitative methods, but qualitative methods are best for studying reasons, meanings and personal experiences.[4]
- Review Existing Literature: Previous studies need evaluation for their methodologies to determine which approaches work best in similar research settings, their advantages & disadvantages and their research gaps.[4]
- Evaluate Feasibility and Resources:The selection of methodology depends on factors which include sample size requirements, data accessibility, participant availability, time limitations and technological capabilities. The quantity of resources required for research design execution determines which methods work best for extensive, large-scale projects versus limited, small-scale exploratory investigations.[4]
- Ethical and Regulatory Considerations:Researchers need to follow ethical guidelines because they must safeguard sensitive information and perform animal-based research while protecting participants’ rights. Research studies without clinical involvement need ethical review and approval before starting their work.[1]
- Pilot Testing: The purpose of pilot studies is to help researchers identify methodological issues, improve data collection instruments and evaluate project feasibility before starting complete research activities.[4]
Common Non-Clinical Methods in Medical Research
Experimental Laboratory Studies
The research methods of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology use in vivo animal models and in vitro cellular models to study disease mechanisms and drug responses. The choice of research method depends on the study objectives, required precision levels and available ethical boundaries.[1]
Epidemiological Studies
The three main observational study designs in this field include cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies. The research design enables scientists to study disease patterns, risk factors and population effects without direct intervention, which makes it essential for public health and policy development. [3][7]
Data Analytics and Computational Methods
Medical research now uses biostatistics together with machine learning and data mining techniques to analyze electronic health records and biological databases. The implementation of these analytical designs needs proper data management systems and well-defined statistical methods. [3]
Qualitative Social Science Approaches
Research about healthcare communication, patient attitudes and organisational behaviour depends on interview methods and ethnographic studies and textual coding techniques. Medical systems benefit from these approaches because they reveal human aspects that help organizations create better quality improvements and develop behavioral change strategies. [2][5][6]
Mixed Methods Approaches
The combination of numerical data with narrative information in mixed methods research produces a complete understanding of the subject matter. The combination of quantitative surveys helps identify health issue prevalence, but qualitative interviews reveal the underlying causes of these issues.[7][8]
Practical Tips for PhD Students
- Consult Supervisors and Domain Experts:The research design process benefits from experienced mentors who provide essential information about appropriate methods and innovative approaches. [1]
- Justify Your Methodological Choices:The selected methods need to link directly to research goals, feasibility assessment, ethical standards, and previous studies for maintaining transparency and research quality. [4]
- Evaluate Validity and Reliability: The evaluation process demands that researchers to check both the reliability and validity of their results. Adequate data collection methods will give credence to your research, thereby producing better results. [5]
- Use Multiple Sources of Data: Research studies benefit from more than one data source as they minimize bias and allow for more in-depth findings.
- Reflect on Social Context and Bias:The researcher must understand how social factors, cultural origins and individual prejudices impact both research design development and data interpretation.[5]
- Pilot and Revise:The testing phase enables researchers to detect and correct methodological mistakes, which saves them from costly errors for future large-scale implementations.[4]
Conclusion
The selection of appropriate research methods for non-clinical medical studies demands a structured methodology that matches research targets and available resources and maintains ethical standards.[4] PhD students who plan their research methodically, consult experts, review existing literature, and consider context will create studies that deliver substantial value to the medical and healthcare fields.
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References
- Kiani, A. K., Naureen, Z., Pheby, D., Henehan, G., Brown, R., Sieving, P., Sykora, P., Marks, R., Falsini, B., Capodicasa, N., Miertus, S., Lorusso, L., Dondossola, D., Tartaglia, G. M., Ergoren, M. C., Dundar, M., Michelini, S., Malacarne, D., Bonetti, G., Donato, K., … INTERNATIONAL BIOETHICS STUDY GROUP (2022). Methodology for clinical research. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 63(2 Suppl 3), E267–E278. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2769
- Sharma, S., Saboo, N., & Baig, V. N. (2025). Exploring undergraduate medical students’ perspectives towards artificial intelligence in healthcare: A qualitative study from India. Journal of Medicine and Artificial Intelligence, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.31662/jmaj.2024-0402
- Javaid, M., Haleem, A., & Singh, R. P. (2024). Health informatics to enhance the healthcare industry’s culture: An extensive analysis of its features, contributions, applications and limitations. Informatics and Health, 1(2), 123–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoh.2024.05.001
- Bruno, V., Aquino, C., & Pringsheim, T. (2024). Selecting Research Methods to Address Clinical Questions. Movement disorders clinical practice, 11 Suppl 3(Suppl 3), S21–S25. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.14088
- Wosny, M., Strasser, L. M., & Hastings, J. (2024). The paradoxes of digital tools in hospitals: Qualitative interview study. JMIR Human Factors, 26, Article e56095. Published July 15, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2196/56095
- Blalock, A. E., Phillips, J. P., Ledford, C. J. W., Wendling, A. L., Kovar-Gough, I., & Lee, A. L. (2025). Qualitative Methods for Medical Education Research. PRiMER (Leawood, Kan.), 9, 35. https://doi.org/10.22454/PRiMER.2025.865981
- Kaur M. (2016). Application of Mixed Method Approach in Public Health Research. Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 41(2), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-0218.173495
- Gallo, J. J., Guetterman, T. C., Taylor, J. L., Jenkins, E., & Murray, S. M. (2025). Applying Mixed Methods to Enhance Health Equity in Research on Dementia and Cognitive Impairment. Journal of aging and health, 37(3-4_suppl), 104S–113S. https://doi.org/10.1177/08982643241308933